Terry Theise and yeasts

I get what you're saying Oswaldo. This ties in to my definition of natural.

I feel like it's not (obviously) a black and white world, and all things by a matter of degrees. Not capital R Right and capital W wrong, as we've all tasted bad wines on both sides of the natural wine spectrum, and being reflective of terroir is part of that. I do believe there are choices that winemakers make in the field and the cellar that tend to make what I consider better wines, just as there are choices that tend to make wine I like less.

If wine A is so yeasted, chemically farmed, over oaked, filtered to be devoid of character (and place) and Wine B is sufficiently bacterial, or overly carbonic/otherwise marked by method over place (I'm coming around to Eric's thoughts of method over place, carbonic grenache style, as definetly being less reflective of terroir regardless of my aesthetic preference for the lighter, more acidic wine, that doesn't make it terroir-reflective.) Neither of these possibilities are attractive to me. Some choices tend to make better wines (to me) and some choices tend to make wines I like less.

Just as a slavish devotion to sans-souffre winemaking at the expense of at least some degree of bottle consistency and/or drinkablity does little to reflect terroir. Like many things, when done right, it's great, but when bad, it can be horrid.

I think this is a very interesting discussion. I'm still coming to an opinion on some of these issues.
 
originally posted by Ian Fitzsimmons:
if concern is about any amendment to the natural process, then do measures to slow down and extend fermentation, through, say, temperature manipulation, count as spoof?
There are certainly people who think so in all cases.

There are more people who think so about, say, Accadist Burgundies from the old days.
 
Obviously I should have written
But as consumers of wine, we ultimately care about terroir only insofar as it manifests itself in the wine, not in the plant or fruit.
Well, that's not really any better. Because aside from our definitional disagreement, you go wrong when you replace your own beliefs with "we" (especially as followed by "only").

Obviously I still disagree that this is how or why we should care about terroir, but now I'd just be repeating myself. (Sorry, Hank! I'll fill the space in other ways, I'm sure.)

at the cost of impoverishing the range of impacting variables
*shrug* I guess that if you don't see the utility of doing that when possible, then we can't possibly come to the vaguest accord on this or any other issue of linguistic utility. Surely we could expand the definition of "terroir" to "everything that affects the character of wine" by accepting the entire "range of impacting variables." We'll throw in your transients, Eric's culture and history, and many a thoughtful commentator on this issue has insisted we have to include man in this equation as well (though one might muse that Eric already has). That leaves us with only the specific type of grapevine sitting outside the perimeter of our definition, and so why leave it out? OK...and now that terroir means "everything," why are we bothering with the word at all? (And when you figure it out, tell Florida Jim, because he'd like to know.)

I see weather as an integral aspect of climate, no less integral because irregular and unpredictable.
But Oswaldo, that's the very essence of the difference between weather and climate. It's raining today...that's weather. It rains here more often than it does over there...that's climate. You can only properly understand climate by observing weather in the least transient form possible. The two aren't synonyms. If you draw farming conclusions from a narrow observation of weather you're going to make a lot of really terrible mistakes. If you're drawing drinking conclusions from weather you're drawing, at most, conclusions about vintage. In neither case are you learning anything about terroir.

I admit, though, that you're the first person I've ever read willing to freely substitute weather for (meso)climate in any definition of terroir, no matter how similar or dissimilar to mine, so I'm a little at a loss as to what else to say.

As with certain other transients (not all of them), it's the tendencies and the trends that are a property of the site. The rest is, well, transient. The rain-soaked vintage, the heat-paralysis vintage, the hail-destroyed vintage, the "perfect" vintage, the low-acid vintage, the grey rot vintage...all so wildly different. All equally emblematic of the terroir by your definition. But a drinker will, I think, search very long, very hard, and ultimately fruitlessly for terroir in those differences, perhaps even concluding that it doesn't exist on that site. (Actually, I don't know how you feel about that. Do you think a site always has a terroir? Does it matter that it can be discerned, or in other words does it exist independently of your ability to perceive it? What does your entirely likely perception that it's one thing one year, and that thing's exact opposite the next, mean regarding a site's terroir?)

I see microbial life as an integral part of terroir because it (or its absence, or partial presence, etc.) impacts vines and fruit (to stick to your terminus).
But they are so easily, even whimsically, changed. I can spray my way into something very close to 100% microbial turnover. Owning twenty rows of an allegedly uniform terroir, I can choose to do this to ten of the rows, doubling my available terroirs under your definition. Or twenty different chemical regimes, creating twenty different terroirs, which I can then release as higher-priced single-vineyard bottlings...

...you know, you might be on to something here. Someone call Gallo. They're gonna make millions on this idea.

I see these things as part of terroir because they are part of nature, not the winemaker, and they are site-specific.
How do you feel about non-microbial nature? I assume you'd think that a eucalyptus tree dripping effluvia all over the grapes, some of it ending up in the fermentation tank, is part of that site's terroir. (Until we cut it down?) Birds? Animals? Does their site of residence change your stance? If birds nesting in a tree within the boundaries of a vineyard consume 100% of the grapes in that vineyard, year after year, does the site have a terroir or not? Or since you now can't drink the wine, maybe it would be your conclusion that it does not specifically because you no longer care if it does?

part of the usefulness of the continuum definition v. cut & dry is that it puts all decisions in a "towards more reflective" or "towards less reflective" direction
That would be true were my definition bounded in the fashion you describe. It's not. Within the boundaries I'm using, the terroir can theoretically be modified (as with Gallo's earth-moving and pond-planting, or by nature over the long term as a result of erosion and such), but it almost never is. That way, all the decisions made by man -- what to plant, how to raise the vines, what to spray, what to kill, what to leave alive, when to harvest -- remain separable. And transient natural inputs -- pests, diseases, weather, other flora and fauna -- remain transient, easily modified by man and/or vintage effects. More/less reflective (of terroir) is indeed a continuum, and an interesting one, but it's entirely tangent to the separation I'm deploying.

Further, I admit I'm also having a very difficult time seeing how wildly variable (from vintage to vintage) human interventions can ever be said to be anything but obscurative of terroir. This year, the grower does nothing. Next year, it's the full chemical arsenal. The year after that, it's another mad scientist's laboratory but in the cellar rather than the vineyard, because the fermentations just aren't going right without extensive help. All completely normal things that farmers and winemakers do. Except that when they do them, we of the meddlesome yet doctrinaire commentariat are almost always accusing them of (at best) interventionism, or (at worst) making wine to a preferred endpoint, rather than letting the wine reflect both its terroir and its vintage.

Ultimately, I look for wine to be both delicious and something I "approve" in terms of process.
This is the point where Jeff prods my touchiest nerve and says, "so...all that matters is what's in the glass, eh?"

So I dont, as you say, only care about how terroir manifests itself in how the wine tastes.
Now that is not what I said. I said, following you, that it's the only thing you care about in terms of terroir, not that it's the only thing you care about in terms of wine.

I also care about what I see as its ethical dimension, the intention to allow the nature of a specific place to express itself as fully as possible, even if we cant taste it.
High-minded. Which is why I'm confused that you outright encourage so much human meddling to preserve a terroir that, being full of unpredictable weather and fidgety wee beasties, doesn't want to sit particularly still.

I find intriguing the notion (that you put forth) that natural winemaking can actually obscure terroir
Oh, that's not my argument, that's Eric's. And not just his. I see his point, actually, though I'm still thinking it through. (I just deleted something like seven pages worth of blog post on this subject, because I'd argued myself into the exact opposite position I'd started with. So I need to rethink that one.)

So, we have a situation where those who use ambient/spontaneous yeasts think theyre crucial and those who dont use them think theyre not.
And yet we continually laud the latter as exemplars of terroir expression. Funny, that. (You may take the sarcasm in any or all of the multiple directions it was intended to point.)

I tend to start revving up the mental filters when winemakers insist most stridently on the rightness of what happens to be exactly what they, themselves, are doing this year. And last year, when they did something else? Why, that was entirely correct and necessary too. And their neighbor, who does something yet again different but seems to make terroir-expressive wines? Satan incarnate, of course. Until the afternoon appointment, when you get a similar-sounding harangue from said neighbor, with only the techniques and the names swapped.
 
But most important for me, in choosing spontaneous (or ambient, my preferred term) fermentation is that it allows a "vintage effect" to influence the wine. For me, reflection of the growing season is a very important, and I want it in my wines. Every year brings a different set and combinations of yeasts into play.
I keep clicking "like" on this post I'm 100 points on this I agree with this 100%.

I have noted changes in yeasts during a harvest, vat vs vat of the same grapes, etc., so it certainly seems like a very fluid thang. Why wouldn't, on a grander, though slower scale, the overall terroir do the same thing?
In an essay that now seems short in comparison to this thread, I mused about some of these changes. Erosion, certainly. Slow changes in soil chemistry (faster if you have shallow roots, even faster if you're dropping chemicals). The roots must, eventually, change the water retention of the site. But these are very long-term effects.

I would think that yeast, even if you go out of your way to avoid interfering, would -- if it changes, and I'd wager without knowing for sure that it does -- be a much shorter-term thing. If you interfere, then I think the changes would be dramatic, unless your vineyard is simply being repopulated from the colony next door. (In which case I have an even bigger problem with including yeast in a definition of terroir, but now I'm just harping.)
 
originally posted by SFJoe:
originally posted by Ian Fitzsimmons:
if concern is about any amendment to the natural process, then do measures to slow down and extend fermentation, through, say, temperature manipulation, count as spoof?
There are certainly people who think so in all cases.

There are more people who think so about, say, Accadist Burgundies from the old days.

Right, Accad. But many winemakers try to draw out fermentation, don't they, with modest controls and interventions, because they believe doing so increases flavor complexity (the same principle applies in bread-making, incidentally). Where do you draw the line?
 
originally posted by SFJoe:
originally posted by Ian Fitzsimmons:
if concern is about any amendment to the natural process, then do measures to slow down and extend fermentation, through, say, temperature manipulation, count as spoof?
There are certainly people who think so in all cases.

There are more people who think so about, say, Accadist Burgundies from the old days.
But you know, there are people who are still making wine in Burgundy according to the Accad method and no one has any problem with their wines, or in fact seems able to pick them out from others.
 
Thor, I didn't treat weather and climate as synonyms, I even contrasted a climate with predictable weather to a climate with unpredictable weather. I didn't encourage "so much human meddling to preserve a terroir that, being full of unpredictable weather and fidgety wee beasties, doesn't want to sit particularly still." I said that when the choice is between meddling with terroir or losing the crop, you meddle with terroir, and the wine becomes less expressive of terroir as it manifested itself that year, but can still be very much a terroir wine in many other ways along the continuum. These are just examples; there's so much more in how you characterize my positions in which I don't see myself. I would have the energy to respond if I were confident that my responses would not, also, be fed into the same spiral of misinterpretation. So I'll just leave what I wrote as is, available for interpretations closer to my intent.
 
originally posted by Keith Levenberg:
Mike Steinberger's reading this!

From twitter:
@SlateWine
SlateWine
Deliciously geeky discussion re yeasts on winedisorder.com. Well worth an hour or three of your time. http://bit.ly/guecrD
29 minutes ago via web Favorite Retweet Reply

I learned of this thread through wikileaks, way before Steinberger twitted.
 
originally posted by Claude Kolm:
originally posted by SFJoe:
originally posted by Ian Fitzsimmons:
if concern is about any amendment to the natural process, then do measures to slow down and extend fermentation, through, say, temperature manipulation, count as spoof?
There are certainly people who think so in all cases.

There are more people who think so about, say, Accadist Burgundies from the old days.
But you know, there are people who are still making wine in Burgundy according to the Accad method and no one has any problem with their wines, or in fact seems able to pick them out from others.

This is more slippery slope stuff to me (though maybe only me). Is punching down the cap (even by hand) in order to keep it moist then considered spoof? Do the grapes have to be totally left to their own devices? If so,then we might want to launch VinegarDisorder.
 
originally posted by David M. Bueker:
originally posted by Claude Kolm:
originally posted by SFJoe:
originally posted by Ian Fitzsimmons:
if concern is about any amendment to the natural process, then do measures to slow down and extend fermentation, through, say, temperature manipulation, count as spoof?
There are certainly people who think so in all cases.

There are more people who think so about, say, Accadist Burgundies from the old days.
But you know, there are people who are still making wine in Burgundy according to the Accad method and no one has any problem with their wines, or in fact seems able to pick them out from others.

This is more slippery slope stuff to me (though maybe only me). Is punching down the cap (even by hand) in order to keep it moist then considered spoof? Do the grapes have to be totally left to their own devices? If so,then we might want to launch VinegarDisorder.
Yeah, we can go a lot further with this. One of Accad's ideas was to increase the density of plantation so that there was less fruit per vine and each vine had more competition from nearby vines for its food. Is this spoof? If so, what's the non-spoof vineyard density and how is that derived?
 
originally posted by Claude Kolm:
Yeah, we can go a lot further with this. One of Accad's ideas was to increase the density of plantation so that there was less fruit per vine and each vine had more competition from nearby vines for its food. Is this spoof? If so, what's the non-spoof vineyard density and how is that derived?

If I had to take a light-hearted guess, it's spoof if determined by Accad, and not spoof if determined by Steiner.
 
Thor, I didn't treat weather and climate as synonyms, I even contrasted a climate with predictable weather to a climate with unpredictable weather.
I may be reading you unfairly on this. "The climate of some places is marked by highly recurrent weather" [etc.] is just giving an example of climate. But climate is not weather, climate is a lot of weather over time. So when you refer to "irregular and unpredictable" weather, that's not climate, that's weather. If weather is regularly unpredictable over a long time, then it's climate, but the unpredictability is predictable...if you'll pardon the awkward elbows and bony knees in that sentence.

I didn't encourage "so much human meddling to preserve a terroir that, being full of unpredictable weather and fidgety wee beasties, doesn't want to sit particularly still." I said that when the choice is between meddling with terroir or losing the crop, you meddle with terroir, and the wine becomes less expressive of terroir as it manifested itself that year, but can still be very much a terroir wine in many other ways along the continuum.
Permit me to unpack this a bit.

We have the functional choice to meddle or not meddle. That's a philosophical/practical/commercial (choose which word you prefer) decision. There are many points along the process, from midwinter fieldwork to bottling, at which the farmer and/or winemaker can choose to meddle in ways that may obscure the terroir. Terroir expression is not inherently part of this decision. Those who care about terroir expression may consider it (or may choose to not consider it, in a sufficiently extreme case like the one you offer), but terroir* really doesn't have anything to do with the opportunity or the choice to meddle, it is just one of the reasons one may choose not to meddle. So if one is choosing to meddle, one is already lessening the importance of terroir expression in their decisions.

*Unless you use Eric's cultural definition, in which case interventions are expressive of terroir as long as they're culturally traditional.

Positing a definition of terroir in which the largest possible number of ("natural") wine-affecting variables are openly embraced, the grower and winemaker are presented with many, many opportunities to intervene. Positing a definition in which pests, diseases, and damaging weather effects are included, the likelihood of those interventions is massively increased. This does not preclude the production of terroir-expressive wine, but it certainly makes it a lot more difficult...or perhaps put better, it makes it a lot less likely as a percentage of overall vintages, unless one is blessed with a site immune to most of these ravages.

(Interpolation: is it your experience that those sites that are rarely subject to pest, blight, or meteorological events are considered by most enthusiasts to be more terroir-expressive than those that are regularly afflicted? If so, your experience does not match mine, which is in fact almost exactly the opposite.)

Positing a site regularly afflicted with highly variable inputs, the grower and winemaker have two directions they can go with each intervention. They can choose to let that year's condition take the wine where it will, or they can intervene...whether to "heal" or "normalize" the wine, depending on the nature of the affliction and their philosophical leanings.

If they typically choose the former -- allowing the wine to be wildly variable -- then they are decreasing the chance that a specific site-derived character will survive to be discerned in the final product, because the product will be so different from year to year. This very much matters in your understanding of terroir, because you believe it to be something you taste in the wine. (Again, yes, what you actually said is that this is the only sense in which you "care" about it.) If the wine is so variable that you cannot, or can only rarely even with terrific experience and great skill, taste a site signature in the wine, then I don't think it's unreasonable to argue that the wine is not terroir-expressive...even though its creators are regularly choosing the path of non-intervention.

If they typically choose the latter -- regularly battling back this and that problem with all the techniques available to them as farmers and winemakers -- then several outcomes are possible. One is that the wine is normalized across vintages, which if practiced aggressively enough is obscurative of terroir, but even if practiced with a certain restraint is still some measure of terroir obfuscation. Another is that interventions are practiced only rarely and as judiciously as possible, and in this category are probably the majority of wines that enthusiasts call terroir-expressive. But I should think it would be obvious that the more reasons for intervention without philosophical self-imitations on that intervention, the less terroir-expressive a wine is likely to become. That's your continuum, unless I misunderstand you on this point as well.

None of this is original thought. What is new, at least to me, is the attempt to identify terroir in situations where it is essentially disinvited, or at least made less welcome.

Here's why. It seems to me that you want two contradictory things. You want wines to be as reflective of their natural state as possible. You have a number of reasons for that desire, but one of them is that you believe it to be a superior way to express site-specificity/individuality, which (I think) is something we both agree is terroir, or at least part of terroir. (Am I wrong about that, too?)

But you also want terroir to be inclusive of things that make it extremely difficult for the grower and winemaker to satisfy your desire. If a grower must regularly kill, sterilize, and otherwise intervene in order to preserve healthy grapes (or any grapes at all), they're fundamentally altering the natural ecosystem of their vineyard. If a winemaker must add, subtract, yeast, and otherwise intervene to cover for damaged or unsatisfactory grapes, they're fundamentally altering the natural state of the wine. Both take the wine away from its site-derived characteristics. On a continuum, they move the result closer to the fully interventionist, industrial endpoint. Not to it, but closer.

(Interpolation: it's Eric's argument that getting too close to the other end obscures terroir just about as well. Putting aside the carbonic maceration and extended maceration arguments for a moment, if an absolute refusal to intervene either normalizes or regularly saddles the wine with flaws, then his is an effective point. If he's right, for me this still wouldn't invalidate terroir because the terroir still exists within the vineyard. For you, as one who preferences taste over agriculture as the vehicle for terroir, it would absolutely be obscurative. Which puts you in strange position, definitionally, because the least interventionist, most "natural" approach takes you away from, not closer to, the terroir that you want to be as accepting of all the vagaries of nature as possible.)

It seems problematic, to me, to wish for terroir expression but then to define that word in such a way that makes it less likely. But maybe that's your point: that by allowing weather variation, different yeast populations, potentially destructive pests and infections, and all manner of other wine-morphing inputs to be umbrellaed by terroir, you can always say that you're tasting the essential site characteristics when others are nattering on about rots, lice, heat waves, hail, and brettanomyces.

(In fact, on that last point you would at least be a part of a long tradition of calling brett terroir. Not, to my mind, a good tradition, but a tradition nonetheless.)

So this is what I mean when I suggest you're encouraging intervention by your definition of terroir. Not that you are, in person, cajoling a specific winemaker into inoculating with 71B so they can unstick their fermentation, or wheedling a farmer into spraying antifungals. But that by allowing the definition of terroir to include inputs that make it far more likely they'll have to do those things, thus lessening the chance that you will have as transparent a look at site-derived characteristics as possible in the finished wine, you are in fact working against your stated aims.
 
originally posted by Claude Kolm:


But you know, there are people who are still making wine in Burgundy according to the Accad method and no one has any problem with their wines, or in fact seems able to pick them out from others.

this misses the point entirely. how did you learn to discriminate burgundy from bordeaux? practice. there was a time when it was all just red wine.

which means to learn to reliably pick wines that strictly adhere to accad's vinification methods (many of which are just jayer turned up to 11* -- as if russ meyer wasn't even enough) from other chunky, high-extract wines you'd need to put in the time drinking that shit** (which, yes i know, is what you and meadows do -- you will both get to take your place with the saints in time, don't worry).

so if what you mean by "no one has any problem with their wines" is, they don't stand out that much amongst a humdrum crowd, and the points guys are happy to steer the n00bs at them, i'm sure you are right.

but if what you mean by "no one has any problem with their wines" is that no one can reliably discriminate them from the kind of burgundies they do prefer to buy and cellar, you need to stop tasting so broadly, and narrow your focus a bit.

fb.

* one obvious difference between jayer and accad was in the amount of sulphur accad used during the crush -- which is interesting given the topic, because this allowed accad to inoculate with yeasts that encouraged his preferred slow cool fermentation.

** though for the record, sometimes i can actually enjoy this sort of thing, in context; just not at home.
 
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